Quebec Separation Movement

1. After 1968, Faced with an increasingly violent separatist movement in the predominantly French province of Quebec, Trudeau introduced the Official Languages Bill, which encouraged bilingualism in the federal government; he also gave an economic portfolio to a French-speaking minister, Jean Chrétien. Both measures increased the power of French-speaking politicians in the federal government.
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3. In 1976, the Parti Québécois (PQ) won the provincial Quebec elections, and René Lévesque became premier.
   
4. The Quebec government passed Bill 101 in 1977, which established numerous rules promoting the French-speaking culture; for example, only French was to be used for commercial signs and for most public school instruction. Many of Bill 101's provisions have since been amended, striking more of a compromise; commercial signs, for example, may now be in French and English, provided that the French lettering is twice the size of the English.
   
5. In May 1980, Quebec held a referendum on whether it should seek independence from Canada; it was defeated by 60% of the voters.
   
6. In 1990, the issue of separatist sentiments in French-speaking Quebec flared up again with the failure of the Meech Lake Accord. The accord was designed to bring Quebec into the constitution while easing its residents' fear of losing their identity within the English-speaking majority by giving it status as a “distinct society.”
   
7. The Quebec referendum on secession in Oct. 1995 yielded a narrow rejection of the proposal, and separatists vowed to try again. Since then, however, the Quebec Liberal Party has replaced the Bloc Québecois as the ruling party.
   
   

Independent history

1. In 1849, Canada possessed the right of self-government.
   
2. By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 the British dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain, “equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other,” and bound together only by allegiance to a common Crown.
   
3. on April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II signed the Constitution Act (also called the Canada Act) in Ottawa after Resolving a dispute that had occupied Trudeau since the beginning of his tenure. The Act thereby cut the last legal tie between Canada and Britain. The constitution retains Queen Elizabeth as queen of Canada and keeps Canada's membership in the Commonwealth. This constitution was accepted by every province except Quebec.
   

Leadership Alternative History

1. Between 1866 and 1896 (the formative years), the Conservative Party under Sir John A. Macdonald, governed the country, except during the years 1873–1878.
   
2. Between 1896 -1911 , the Liberal Party under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian, ruled the country.
   
3. Between 1921 to 1957,the Liberal Party under William Lyon Mackenzie King, dominated Canadian politics.
   
4. Between 1957 to 1963, the Progressive Conservatives goverened the country.
   
5. Between 1963-1968, the Liberals under Lester B. Pearson took the power. Pearson retired from prime minister in 1968, when he retired and was replaced by a former law professor, Pierre Elliott Trudeau. Trudeau maintained Canada's defensive alliance with the United States but began moving toward a more independent policy in world affairs.
   
6. On Sept. 4, 1984, In the national election, the Progressive Conservative Party Brian Mulroney, won the highest political majority in Canadian history and scored an overwhelming victory, fundamentally changing the country's political landscape.
   
7. In Nov. 1988, Mulroney was reelected in the election due to the conflict about free-trade pact with the U.S bitterly opposed by the Liberal and New Democratic parties. His reelection gave him a mandate to proceed with the agreement.
   
   
8. In 1993, Brian Mulroney resigned before the next election, due to the mired economy in a long recession that many blamed on the free-trade agreement.
   
9. In June 1993 the governing Progressive Conservative Party chose Defense Minister Kim Campbell as its leader, making her the first female prime minister in Canadian history.
   
10. The national election in Oct. 1993 , the Liberal Party reemerged and the installation of Jean Chrétien as prime minister.
    
11. In July 2000, Stockwell Day of the new right-wing Canadian Alliance Party unexpectedly emerged as the leader of Canada's opposition. In Nov. 2000 elections, however, Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of the Liberal Party won a landslide victory for a third five-year
    

Formation history

Canada consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories.It took more than one hundred years for them to form the present Canada. Canada was created in 1867 through the confederation of Ont. Quebec ,Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, while Nunavut finally entered Canada in 1999.

1. In 1867, the dominion of Canada was created through the confederation of Upper and Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in accordance with the British North America Act .
   
2. In 1869, Canada purchased from the Hudson's Bay Company the vast middle west (Rupert's Land) from which,(in 1870) Manitoba , Alberta (1905), and Saskatchewan (1905) were formed.
   
3. In 1870, NorthWest torritory became the 1st torritory of Canada
   
4. In 1871, British Columbia joined the dominion
   
5. In 1873, Prince Edward Island followed.
   
6. In 1885, the country was linked from coast to coast by the Canadian Pacific Railway.
   
7. In 1898, Yukon followed
   
8. On March 31, 1949, Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province following a plebiscite.
   
9. In 1999, Nunavut finally entered and completed the present Canada.
   

Control fighting History

What British brought in was not peace but war and blood. In order to loot the profit of the valuable fisheries and fur trade, English conflicted with French. They made the 7-year war between 1756 and 1763. At the end , England gained the control of Canada.

1. In 1713, Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, and Nova Scotia (Acadia) were lost to England.
   
2. From 1756 to 1763, England extended its conquest during the Seven Years' War .
   
3. On Sep. 13, 1759, the British general James Wolfe won his famous victory over Gen. Louis Montcalm outside Quebec.
   
4. in 1763 ,the Treaty of Paris gave England the control of Canada.
   

Discovery History

French makes main contribution to the Canada's discovery, which can be dated back to 1000. However, it's actually white-man history began at the end of 15th century. It took 200 years for French to discover and settle down in Canada although its colonization was unsucessful. The British had not touched the land until 1670.

1. The first inhabitants of Canada were native Indian peoples, primarily the Inuit (Eskimo).
   
2. In 1000,The North explorer, Leif Eriksson, probably reached the shores of Canada (Labrador or Nova Scotia)
   
3. In 1497,John Cabot, an Italian in the service of Henry VII of England, reached Newfoundland or Nova Scotia. The history of the white man in the country actually began.
   
4. In 1534,Jacques Cartier took Canada for France.
   
5. In 1604 French actually began to settle at Port Royal in Nova Scotia, which was then called new France;
   
6. In 1608, Quebec was founded.
   
7. By the end of the 17th century, French explorers had penetrated beyond the Great Lakes to the western prairies and south along the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, though France's colonization efforts were not very successful.
   
8. Meanwhile, in 1670, the English Hudson's Bay Company had been established.
   

Introductory

People all over the world are proud of the history of their own Countries. Some histories , such as the histories of China and India,are long. Others, such as Canadian history,are comparatively short. Despite of the various length of the histories, all of them can be divided into serveral sub-history. The Canadian history consists of discovery histroy, control-fighting history, formation history,independent history ,leadership alternative history as well as ,Quebec separation movement.